Citizenship by conferral is the pathway most permanent residents take. It turns on four things: residence, character, the citizenship test, and a genuine intention to keep living in or be closely associated with Australia. Each of these can trip an application up if it isn't prepared properly.
Who is eligible
- Permanent residents who meet the general residence requirement
- Of good character (relevant for applicants aged 18 and over)
- Have a basic knowledge of English (assessed through the test and interview; concessions apply)
- Likely to reside in or maintain close and continuing association with Australia
How to apply
- Confirm you meet the general residence requirement. At least 4 years of lawful residence in Australia, including the last 12 months as a permanent resident, with limited time overseas in that period.
- Assemble your evidence. Identity documents, residence history, travel record, character references and (where relevant) name-change history.
- Lodge the application. Apply online with the application fee. The Department will book your citizenship test (if applicable) and an interview.
- Sit the citizenship test. Most applicants aged 18 to 59 must pass the test. Some applicants are exempt (for example those aged 60+, or with a permanent disability).
- Receive a decision and attend a ceremony. On approval, you are invited to a citizenship ceremony where you make the Pledge of Commitment and become an Australian citizen.
Frequently asked questions
What is the general residence requirement?
Generally, at least 4 years of lawful residence in Australia, including the last 12 months as a permanent resident immediately before applying, with no more than 12 months absence from Australia in that 4-year period and no more than 90 days absence in the 12 months immediately before applying. Some exemptions and concessions apply.
Do absences from Australia count against me?
Yes. The Department looks closely at time spent outside Australia in the qualifying period. Long absences can disqualify you or require you to wait longer before applying.
Do I have to pass an English test?
There is no separate IELTS-style English requirement. Your basic English is assessed at the citizenship test and interview. Applicants aged 60 and over are usually exempt.
What is the citizenship test like?
The test is multiple choice and based on the official "Our Common Bond" resource published by the Department. It covers Australian values, history, society and government. Most applicants prepare with the official study guide.
Can my children become citizens with me?
Children under 16 can usually be included in a parent's application without sitting the citizenship test. Children aged 16 or 17 generally apply alongside but have their own assessment. There are also separate pathways for children of Australian citizens.
What can refuse a citizenship application?
The most common refusal reasons are not meeting the residence requirement, character concerns (criminal history, debts to the Commonwealth, providing false information), and identity-evidence gaps. We help you flag and address these before lodgement.