Australian citizenship is the final step in the migration journey for most permanent residents — and a status that brings new rights (including the right to vote and to hold an Australian passport), additional responsibilities, and a permanent right to live in Australia that cannot be taken away the way a visa can.
The two main pathways
Citizenship by conferral
For permanent residents who have lived in Australia long enough, passed the citizenship test and meet the character requirements. This is the most common pathway.
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Citizenship by descent
For people born outside Australia to an Australian citizen parent. There is no residence requirement; the application turns on proving your parent's citizenship and your relationship.
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How we help
A citizenship application is not just paperwork — small evidence gaps around residence, absences, identity or character can delay or refuse it. We work with clients across both pathways: assembling the residence history, the supporting documents and (where needed) clarifying character or identity issues before lodgement. If you have spent significant time overseas as a permanent resident, we can also help you time your application and any necessary Resident Return visa renewal.
Frequently asked questions
Who can apply for Australian citizenship?
There are two main routes. Citizenship by conferral is for people who have lived in Australia as a permanent resident and meet the residence, character, English and citizenship test requirements. Citizenship by descent is for people born outside Australia to an Australian citizen parent.
How long do I have to be a permanent resident before applying?
For citizenship by conferral, you generally need at least 4 years of lawful residence in Australia, including the last 12 months as a permanent resident, with limited time spent overseas in that period.
Do I have to give up my current citizenship?
Australia allows dual or multiple citizenship. Australia does not require you to renounce your other citizenship. Whether your country of origin permits dual citizenship is a separate question for that country.
Is there a citizenship test?
Most applicants for citizenship by conferral aged 18 to 59 must sit and pass the Australian citizenship test. Exemptions apply, for example for applicants aged 60 and over or with a permanent disability.
How long does citizenship take to be granted?
Processing times vary. The decision on the application is followed by an invitation to a citizenship ceremony, where you make the Pledge of Commitment and become an Australian citizen.